Testing if forcing data is used correctly

It is very important to ensure that selected forcing options produce the result you expect: we find that the ice sheet response is very sensitive to provided climate forcing, especially in short-scale simulations.

This section describes how to use PISM to inspect climate forcing.

Visualizing climate inputs, without ice dynamics

Recall that internally in PISM there is a separation of climate inputs from ice dynamics. This makes it possible to turn “off” the ice dynamics code to visualize the climate mass balance and temperature boundary conditions produced using a combination of options and input files. This is helpful during the process of creating PISM-readable data files, and modeling with such.

To do this, use the option -test_climate_models (which is equivalent to -stress_balance none and -energy none) together with PISM’s reporting capabilities (-extra_file, -extra_times, -extra_vars).

Turning “off” ice dynamics saves computational time while allowing one to use the same options as in an actual modeling run. Note that -test_climate_models does not disable geometry updates, so one can check if surface elevation feedbacks modeled using lapse rates (and similar) work correctly. Please use the -no_mass command-line option to fix ice geometry. (This may be necessary if the mass balance rate data would result in extreme ice sheet growth that is not balanced by ice flow in this setup.)

As an example, set up an ice sheet state file and check if climate data is read in correctly:

mpiexec -n 2 pismr -eisII A -y 1000 -o state.nc
pismr -i state.nc -surface given -extra_times 0.0:0.1:2.5 \
      -extra_file movie.nc -extra_vars climatic_mass_balance,ice_surface_temp \
      -ys 0 -ye 2.5

Using pismr -eisII A merely generates demonstration climate data, using EISMINT II choices [12]. The next run extracts the surface mass balance climatic_mass_balance and surface temperature ice_surface_temp from state.nc. It then does nothing interesting, exactly because a constant climate is used. Viewing movie.nc we see these same values as from state.nc, in variables climatic_mass_balance, ice_surface_temp, reported back to us as the time- and space-dependent climate at times ys:dt:ye. It is a boring “movie.”

A more interesting example uses a positive degree-day scheme. This scheme uses a variable called precipitation, and a calculation of melting, to get the surface mass balance climatic_mass_balance.

Assuming that g20km_10ka.nc was created as described in the User’s Manual, running

pismr -test_climate_models -no_mass -i g20km_10ka.nc \
      -atmosphere searise_greenland -surface pdd \
      -ys 0 -ye 1 -extra_times 0:1week:1 \
      -extra_file foo.nc \
      -extra_vars climatic_mass_balance,ice_surface_temp,air_temp_snapshot,precipitation

produces foo.nc. Viewing in with ncview shows an annual cycle in the variable air_temp and a noticeable decrease in the surface mass balance during summer months (see variable climatic_mass_balance). Note that ice_surface_temp is constant in time: this is the temperature at the ice surface but below firn and it does not include seasonal variations [30].

Using low-resolution test runs

Sometimes a run like the one above is still too costly. In this case it might be helpful to replace it with a similar run on a coarser grid, with or without the option -test_climate_models. (Testing climate inputs usually means checking if the timing of modeled events is right, and high spatial resolution is not essential.)

The command

pismr -i g20km_pre100.nc -bootstrap -Mx 51 -My 101 -Mz 11 \
      -atmosphere searise_greenland \
      -surface pdd -ys 0 -ye 2.5 \
      -extra_file foo.nc -extra_times 0:0.1:2.5 \
      -extra_vars climatic_mass_balance,air_temp_snapshot,smelt,srunoff,saccum
      -ts_file ts.nc -ts_times 0:0.1:2.5 \
      -o bar.nc

will produce foo.nc containing a “movie” very similar to the one created by the previous run, but including the full influence of ice dynamics.

In addition to foo.nc, the latter command will produce ts.nc containing scalar time-series. The variable surface_ice_flux (the total over the ice-covered area of the surface mass flux) can be used to detect if climate forcing is applied at the right time.

Visualizing the climate inputs in the Greenland case

Assuming that g20km_pre100.nc was produced by the run described in section Getting started: a Greenland ice sheet example), one can run the following to check if the PDD model in PISM (see section Temperature-index scheme) is “reasonable”:

pismr -i g20km_pre100.nc -atmosphere searise_greenland,precip_scaling \
      -surface pdd -atmosphere_precip_scaling_file pism_dT.nc \
      -extra_times 0:1week:3 -ys 0 -ye 3 \
      -extra_file pddmovie.nc -o_order zyx \
      -extra_vars climatic_mass_balance,air_temp_snapshot

This produces the file pddmovie.nc with several variables: climatic_mass_balance (instantaneous net accumulation (ablation) rate), air_temp_snapshot (instantaneous near-surface air temperature), precipitation (mean annual ice-equivalent precipitation rate) and some others.

The variable precipitation does not evolve over time because it is part of the SeaRISE-Greenland data and is read in from the input file.

The other two variables were used to create figure Fig. 45, which shows the time-series of the accumulation rate (top graph) and the air temperature (bottom graph) with the map view of the surface elevation on the left.

Here are two things to notice:

  1. The summer peak day is in the right place. The default for this value is July 15 (day \(196\), at approximately \(196/365 \simeq 0.54\) year). (If it is important, the peak day can be changed using the configuration parameter atmosphere­.fausto_air_temp­.summer_peak_day).

  2. Lows of the surface mass balance rate climatic_mass_balance correspond to positive degree-days in the given period, because of highs of the air temperature. Recall the air temperature graph does not show random daily variations. Even though it has the maximum of about \(266\) Kelvin, the parameterized instantaneous air temperature can be above freezing. A positive value for positive degree-days is expected [153].

../_images/pdd-movie.png

Fig. 45 Time series of the surface mass balance rate and near-surface air temperature.

We can also test the surface temperature forcing code with the following command.

pismr -i g20km_pre100.nc -surface simple \
      -atmosphere searise_greenland,delta_T \
      -atmosphere_delta_T_file pism_dT.nc \
      -extra_times 100 -ys -125e3 -ye 0 \
      -extra_vars ice_surface_temp \
      -extra_file dT_movie.nc -o_order zyx \
      -test_climate_models -no_mass

The output dT_movie.nc and pism_dT.nc were used to create Fig. 46.

This figure shows the GRIP temperature offsets and the time-series of the temperature at the ice surface at a point in southern Greenland (bottom graph), confirming that the temperature offsets are used correctly.

../_images/dT-movie.png

Fig. 46 Time series of the surface temperature compared to GRIP temperature offsets

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